The climate is transitional from temperate to Mediterranean. Foreign volunteers, including the English poet Byron, came to the aid of the Greeks, and philhellenic committees were founded in several countries. The architecture of the modern period began to develop in the I830’s. Greece took major loans from Great Britain. The upper tree line is at an altitude of 2,000 m and on Mount Olympus, 2.200 m. Higher altitudes have mountain meadows with an abundance of endemic species. Primary attention is devoted to raising the yields of wheat and cotton and the production of sugar beets, which is a new crop in Greece. Karolos Papoulias was elected president in 2005, succeeding Costis Stephanopoulos. With less than 200 men, Miaoulis was unable to make much of a fight; Fort Heidek on Bourtzi Island was overrun by the regulars and the brig Spetses (once Laskarina Bouboulina's Agamemnon) sunk by Ricord's force. 3,083), c.71 sq mi (184 sq km), NE Greece, in the Aegean Sea. In the late 19th century the first trade unions were founded and led strikes at several enterprises. , and ThraceThrace, region, 3,310 sq mi (8,575 sq km), SE Europe, occupying the southeastern tip of the Balkan Peninsula and comprising NE Greece, S Bulgaria, and European Turkey. Increased industrial production led to the growth of a proletariat. In an effort to eliminate the remaining traces of military rule and thus to gain greater international acceptance of the new order in Greece, elections were scheduled for 1974. During the war more than 400,000 Greeks were killed, died of hunger, or fell in the partisan struggle. The new government ended all capital controls in Sept., 2019. Izmir was placed under Greek administration pending a plebiscite. The CPG and the Union of the Democratic Left were most harshly attacked. Largely mountainous, it rises to c.4,725 ft (1,440 m) on Mt. Unable to control the onslaught of the popular masses, the Karamanlis government began to resort to political assassinations. Industry. At higher altitudes (up to 750–1,000 m) there are groves and forests of ash, maple, linden, elm, chestnut, and walnut. Finally, in August 1949, the National Army under Marshal Alexander Papagos launched an offensive that forced the remaining insurgents to surrender or flee across the northern border into the territory of Greece's northern Communist neighbors. In January 1822 the National Assembly, meeting in Piad near Epidauros, adopted the first Greek constitution, the so-called Epidaurian Organic Statute of 1822, which proclaimed Greece an independent state and elected Mavrokordatos president. D. Koro-milas and D. Kokkos were the first composers in this genre. Tensions between the British-backed Papandreou and the EAM, especially over the issue of disarmament of the various armed groups, led to the resignation of the latter's ministers from the government.[8]. In October 1918 the General Confederation of Labor of Greece was established and became the unifying trade union center of the country. Under the impact of the Great French Revolution, the Greek revolutionary democrat Rhighas Velestinles wrote a constitution for Greece and the other Balkan countries. The most important scientific research centers in veterinary medicine are the bacteriology institute in Athens, the foot-and-mouth disease laboratory near Athens, and the bacteriological laboratory in Thessaloniki. In the March 2004 elections, PASOK was defeated by New Democracy, led by Kostas Karamanlis, the nephew of the former president. Among the islands belonging to Greece are the Southern and Northern Sporades, the Cyclades, Crete, and the Ionian Islands. Kapodistrias also negotiated with the Great Powers and the Ottoman Empire to establish the borders and degree of independence of the Greek state; signed the peace treaty that ended the War of Independence with the Ottomans; introduced the phoenix, the first modern Greek currency; organised local administration; and, in an effort to raise the living standards of the population, introduced the cultivation of the potato into Greece. In the second half of the 18th century, handicrafts developed in Greece, and the sphere of commodity and money relations broadened. that continued until 449 B.C. succeeded Tsipras as prime minister. Metaxas, who had strong pro-German leanings, died in Jan., 1941. The Reformation and the humanist movement, which were linked with the revival of ancient Greek traditions, developed in Greece in the mid-l5th century. On the windward slopes of the mountains the annual precipitation is 1,200–1,400 mm, and on the plains it is about 350 mm. Medical research is conducted in the clinics of the medical faculties of universities and at the Athens Institute of Hygiene. After World War II (1939–45) the Great Idea was transformed in the works of Greek philosophers and historians into the idea of Greco-Christian culture, which was aimed not at a territorial but at a spiritual renaissance of Greece and its past grandeur. The Papadopoulos government worked out the draft of the new constitution of Greece, which was used to legalize the military dictatorship. The rebels seized Kalamai. with Yugoslavia, Romania, and Turkey. ed., 12 vol., 1906–38) were long standard and are still useful. In 1973, Greek representatives participated in the conference on security and cooperation in Europe, as well as in negotiations, with an advisory vote, on the mutual limitation of armed forces and armaments in Central Europe. These formed a secret society, the "Military League", with the purpose of emulating their Ottoman colleagues to seek governmental reforms. The emergence of the theater art was associated with the national liberation struggle of the Greek people, particularly the activity of the secret patriotic society Philike Hetairia, which inspired the formation of the first amateur theater troupes in Odessa (c. 1814) and Bucharest (1821), where there were Greek communities. He took the name in 1934 in place of his earlier name, Mustafa Kemal, when he ordered all Turks to adopt a surname; it is made up of the Turkish words Ata and Türk [father of the Turks]...... Click the link for more information. On Nov. 15, 1922, several persons guilty of undertaking the Asia Minor adventure, including former prime ministers Gounares, Stratos, and Protopapodakes, were executed. This was called the Great Idea (Megali Idea), and it was sustained by almost continuous rebellions against Ottoman rule in Greek-speaking territories, particularly Crete, Thessaly and Macedonia. Several thousand suspected communists and political opponents were imprisoned or exiled to remote Greek islands. In 1936, Premier John MetaxasMetaxas, John, 1871–1941, Greek general and statesman. Nonetheless, an Admiral Rikord (or Ricord) took his ships north to Poros. While a hostage in Thebes (367–364), he gained much knowledge of Greece and its people...... Click the link for more information. The eurozone nations, led by Germany, demanded even greater budget, tax, pension, and civil service changes as well as privatization and market deregulation; a restructuring of Greek debt, which was supported by the IMF, was not included. The Pasteur Institute also prepares vaccines. Greece is an important junction for international airlines. These colonies had a great influence on the history of the Greek mainland, where the city-states were developing in quarrelsome freedom. In 1965 there were 252 strikes involving more than 964,000 people, and in 1966 there were 395 strikes involving more than 1 million people. In the I930’s a number of popular actors appeared at various theaters. Vaccination was first performed in Greece in 1805 by L. Mordos (island of Kerkira). 16 landing vessels, and about 60 cutters of various types. Written by four leading authorities on the classical world, Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History introduces students to the history and civilization of ancient Greece in all its complexity and variety. The sciences began to develop in Greece after the liberation of the country from the Ottoman yoke. The climate is humid, and the coastal plains are fertile. In the mountains of the Greek mainland, in the meantime, several Greek resistance movements sprang up, and by mid-1943, the Axis forces controlled only the main towns and the connecting roads, while a "Free Greece" was set up in the mountains. After the Second World War, the Dodecanese islands, which were still under Italian occupation since the early 20th century, also became part of the Greek state. Kallergis' men were enraged by the loss of the ships and sacked Poros, carrying off plunder to Nauplion. J. Makriyiannes and T. Kolokotronis. This collapse has grown to encompass all aspects of individual and collective life. The chief livestock raised are sheep (7.7 million head in 1970) and goats (4 million head). However, the new Republic was built on unstable foundations. On October 28, Italian troops invaded Greece. Gr...... Click the link for more information. There was almost no heavy industry. The ground forces (more than 120,000 men) consist of the First (Central) Field Army (three standing army corps: 11 infantry divisions, one armored division, 11 field and antiaircraft artillery divisions, and engineering and signal units). (1912–13) Greece obtained SE Macedonia and W Thrace; the frontier with newly independent AlbaniaAlbania, Albanian Shqipëria or Shqipnija, officially Republic of Albania, republic (2015 est. It was a period of political, philosophical, artistic, and scientific achievements that formed a legacy with unparalleled influence on Western civilization. In brief. The uprising that broke out on Khios on Sept. 24. In foreign policy, the two parties were oriented toward the Atlantic policy of the USA (the Greco-American Agreement of Oct. 12, 1953. under which Greece was covered with a network of US military bases). In the 11th cent. The Greek people are only partly descended from the ancient Greeks, having mingled through the ages with the numerous invaders of the Balkans. There is a small Muslim minority. At the same time, a series of deaths left the Greek political scene in disarray: Kondylis died in February, Venizelos in March, Demertzis in April and Tsaldaris in May. In 1854. The ideologists of the liberal bourgeoisie (A. Papandreou, G. Kutsumares, and V. Velivanes) advocate theories of regulated capitalism. 18 of the party’s members were elected to parliament.) A. Kourvetaris and B. He was one of the well-to-do young disciples of Socrates before leaving Athens to join the Greek force (the Ten Thousand) that was in the service of Cyrus the Younger of Persia...... Click the link for more information. The final fate of Greece was decided by the Russo-Turkish war of 1828–29, which was concluded by the Treaty of Adri-anople of 1829. Under Roman rule, the cities long retained a measure of independence and intellectual life, but had little political or economic importance. The history of modern Greece covers the history of Greece from the recognition of its autonomy from the Ottoman Empire by the Great Powers (Great Britain, France, and Russia) in 1828, after the Greek War of Independence, to the present day.[1]. , nephew of the former president, became premier. After PASOK lost its majority in the Parliament, ND and PASOK joined the smaller Popular Orthodox Rally in a grand coalition, pledging their parliamentary support for a government of national unity headed by former European Central Bank vice-president Lucas Papademos. Here, the Greeks were in competition not only with the Ottomans, but also with the Bulgarians, in an armed propaganda struggle for the hearts and minds of the ethnically mixed local population, the so-called "Macedonian Struggle". Government and Politics. King George II and the government fled to Egypt. Eastern, or insular, Greece includes the islands of the Aegean Sea: the Cyclades, the Northern Sporades, Lesvos, Khios. Senior Greek military officers then withdrew their support from the junta, which collapsed. At the end of the 19th century A. Christomanos, the founder of a chemical laboratory, was the first to study many Greek ore deposits. He was a common soldier who rose to leadership by his military skill and political acumen. Animal husbandry is poorly developed, because most of the peasants have small plots and fodder is scarce. PASOK and DIMAR chose to take a limited role in Samaras' Cabinet, being represented by party officials and independent technocrats instead of MPs. B.C. The policy of αντιπαροχή (antiparochi, "property-swap"), a Greek invention which entailed the concession of construction land to developers in return for a share in the resulting multi-storey apartment buildings, favoured the creation of a class of small-medium contractors on the one hand and settled the housing system and property status on the other. The early inhabitants were from Thessaly. , PlatoPlato, 427?–347 B.C., Greek philosopher. or Vlachs. In June 1913, Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, beginning the Second Balkan War, but was beaten back. All Greeks were united, however, in their determination to liberate the Greek-speaking provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Local self-government was in the hands of the big Greek landowners (kodjahashis, primates). , in the Ionian Sea; and the CycladesCyclades, Gr. who wrote the drama The Basilica (1829), laid the foundations for a national dramaturgy. were important in the administration of the empire, and the Greek merchants living in Constantinople and in the ports of Asia Minor, notably IzmirIzmir, formerly Smyrna, city (1990 pop. , and PolybiusPolybius, 203? Some artists, such as the painters A. Georgiadis and E. Tomopoulos, followed 19th-century traditions, while others followed developments in 20th-century European painting (I. Morales and Y. Tsar-ouhes). The major causes of death (per 100,000 inhabitants in 1966) are malignant neoplasms (119.0), vascular disturbances of the central nervous system (104), arteriosclerosis and heart diseases (91.2), infectious and parasitic diseases (18.9), diabetes (16.0), and tuberculosis of the lungs (11.3). Southern Greece is made up of the PeloponnesusPeloponnesusor Pelopónnisos, formerly Morea, peninsula (1991 pop. However, the upsurge of the revolutionary movement frightened the bourgeoisie. Contagious ecthyma is very widespread (537 cases in 1970). The assembly adopted a constitution that established a responsible ministerial government, a bicameral parliament, and suffrage limited by property qualifications. In this referendum 7.76 percent of the electorate voted against the draft, and 22.51 percent boycotted the referendum. Rounds of parliamentary elections of 1915 and again formed the Aetolian LeagueAetolian League, which was concluded by closing... In contemporary folk orchestras and unites most of Greece and Samaria Park on Crete Click... Between French and British military missions were invited for the formation of the eyalet of Rumelia of... [ lion ] of Yannina...... Click the link for more information..! 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